Objective To explore the factors influencing oral frailty in lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy and their potential associations, and to provide a reference for future clinical interventions.Methods A convenience sample of 206 lymphoma patients undergoing chemotherapy in the hematology departments of two tertiary hospitals in Shanghai was enrolled.Univariate ana-lysis and modified Poisson regression were used to identify independent factors associated with oral frailty.A Bayesian network model was constructed and used for risk inference with R 4.3.2 and Netica 7.01.Results The incidence of oral frailty among lymphoma chemotherapy patients was 55.34%.A Bayesian network model comprising seven nodes and eleven directed edges was constructed.The model indicated that age, cancer related anorexia, chemotherapy related taste changes, depression, and insomnia had direct effects on the occurrence of oral frailty.Chemotherapy related taste changes, depression, insomnia, and family function were indirectly associated with oral frailty through cancer related anorexia.In addition, family function and insomnia were indirectly related to oral frailty via depression.Conclusion Oral frailty is common among lymphoma patients receiving chemotherapy and is influenced by a complex network of interacting factors.The findings may aid early identification and prevention of oral frailty in this population.