Objective To explore the level of the medical science popularization ability of obstetrics and gynecology nurses in tertiary hospital, identify its potential categories, and analyze its influencing factors. Methods In July 2024, 317 nursing staffs in the department of obstetrics and gynecology of a tertiary hospital in Wuhan were selected as the research objects, and the general information questionnaire and Medical Science Popularization Ability Scale were used to investigate. Results The total score of medical science popularization ability of obstetrics and gynecology nurses was (169.37±24.76), which could be divided into three potential categories:low level type (19.87%), medium level type (53.00%) and high level type (27.13%). The ordinal logistic regression analysis showed that different specialties, whether nurses had participated in science popularization activities, and whether nurses had received courses related to medical science popularization were the influencing factors of potential categories of medical science popularization ability of obstetrics and gynecology nurses (all P<0.05). Conclusion The medical science popularization ability of obstetrics and gynecology nurses is in the upper middle level, and there are different potential profile characteristics. Nursing managers should develoment and implement accurate training programs for nurses according to the influencing factors, so as to improve the medical science popularization ability of nurses.