Objective To explore the impact of exercise health beliefs and the amount of exercise of the elderly couples in community on their own and their spouses′ frailty, and to provide a basis for community rehabilitation care interventions. Methods A total of 312 community-dwelling elderly couples were conveniently selected, and surveyed using the general information questionnaire, the Tilburg Frailty Indicator (TFI), the Exercise Health Beliefs Scale, and the Physical Activity Rating Scale-3 (PARS-3). An actor-partner interdependence model of exercise health beliefs, amount of exercise, and frailty in the community-dwelling elderly couples was established. Results The overall prevalence of frailty among the community-dwelling elderly was 12.50%. The incidence of frailty in wives was significantly lower than that in husbands. The actor-partner interdependence model showed that the exercise behavior of the couples had a subject effect on their own frailty status and an object effect on their spouses′ frailty status, and the exercise health beliefs of the couples had a subject effect on their own amount of exercise and an object effect on their spouses′ amount of exercise (both P<0.05). Conclusion The physical exercise behavior of community-dwelling elderly couples can significantly affect each other′s frailty status, and both parties′ exercise and health beliefs can simultaneously regulate each other′s physical exercise behavior. Both aspects should be regarded as a whole, and a targeted intervention program should be constructed in combination with exercise health beliefs to alleviate or reverse the frailty symptoms.