Objective To develop a questionnaire on self-management behavior of cancer pain and to test its reliability and validity, to provide a valid tool for evaluating the self-management behavior of cancer pain patients. Methods Based on the maintenance behavior theory and the 5A goal of cancer pain management in the NCCN Clinical Practice Guidelines for Adult Cancer Pain, the first draft of the questionnaire was formed through expert consultation of the modified Delphi method and pre-survey on the basis of literature review and semi-structured interviews. From December 2019 to December 2020, 230 patients with cancer pain were selected for first round of questionnaire survey; from April 2021 to September 2022, 412 cancer pain patients were selected for second round of questionnaire survey. Results The questionnaire included 15 items factored into 4 dimensions, including cancer pain assessment record and interaction, application of non-pharmacological measures, cancer pain drug use, and daily life coping. Four common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution rate was 69.502%. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model fitted well (χ2/df=2.859, RMSEA=0.057;GFI, AGFI, NFI, and CFI >0.900). The overall content validity index of the questionnaire and the content validity index of each item were both 1.000. The Cronbach′s α coefficient was 0.871, the McDonald′s ω coefficient was 0.899, and the test-retest reliability was 0.846. Conclusion The cancer pain self-management behavior questionnaire has good reliability and validity, and can be used as a tool to evaluate the current status of cancer pain self-management behavior in cancer pain patients.