Objective To construct a diet management program based on evidence and nudge strategy for maintenance of hemodialysis patients during dialysis, and to evaluate its application effect. Methods Based on the published evidence, a diet management program during dialysis based on the nudge strategy was constructed by formulating review indicators, conducting a baseline survey and analyzing obstacle factors. The diet management program was applied to 50 maintenance hemodialysis patients, and the interruption time series design was used to compare the implementation rate of review indicators, the incidence rates of hypotension, hypoglycemia and gastrointestinal reactions, and the scores of dialysis diet knowledge, attitude and practice of patients before and after the implementation of the program. Results The baseline survey showed that the implementation rate of 12 review indicators did not reach the standard. After the implementation of the program, the implementation rate of indicators 2,3,4 was 100%; except indicator 11, the implementation rates of the patient-associated or staff-associated indicators were significantly higher than those before (all P<0.05); the incidence rates of hypotension and hypoglycemia in patients were lower than before, and the differences were statistically significant (all P<0.05). The scores of knowledge, attitude,practice and total score of dialysis diet in patients were significantly higher than those before implementation (all P<0.05). Conclusion The scientific construction of a diet management plan for maintenance hemodialysis patients during dialysis based on nudge strategy can effectively promote the transformation and application of evidence in clinical practice, reduce the incidence of hypotension and hypoglycemia during dialysis, and improve the knowledge, attitude and practice scores of patients′ dialysis diet.