Objective To construct a self-advocacy intervention program for breast cancer patients on chemotherapy and evaluate the application effect. Methods A total of 86 breast cancer patients on chemotherapy were divided into 2 groups of 43 cases each. The control group received routine nursing care and health education, while the intervention group was subjected to a self-advocacy intervention program developed based on the empowerment theory. The scores of self-advocacy and quality of life of the two groups were compared before and after the intervention. Results Totally, 40 cases in the control group and 41 cases in the intervention group completed the study. After intervention, there were significant differences in the scores of self-advocacy and quality of life between the two groups (all P<0.05). Conclusion The intervention program based on empowerment theory can improve the level of self-advocacy and improve the quality of life of breast cancer patients on chemotherapy.