Objective To understand the status of social alienation in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis, and analyze its influencing factors.Methods A total of 249 patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis were selected by convenience sampling method, then they were investigated by utilizing a general information questionnaire,the Social Impact Scale (SIS), the Family APGAR Index (APGAR), the Acceptance of Illness Scale (AIS) and the General Alienation Scale (GAS).Results The participants′ score of the GAS was (37.83±9.83).Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, age, number of children, marital status, medical payment, years of dialysis, the total score of the SIS, the AIS, and the APGAR were influencing factors of social alienation in patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis (all P＜0.05), which explained 57.60% of the total variance.Conclusion The social alienation of patients undergoing maintenance hemodialysis is at a medium and above level, medical staff can reduce their social alienation via relieving their discrimination perception and increasing their disease acceptance and family care.