Objective To explore the application effect of a whole process traceability information system in operating room instrument management. Methods A total of 7 715 surgical instrument packages managed by the conventional method from October to December 2021 were selected as a control group, the other 8 417 surgical instrument packages from April to June 2023 were selected as an experimental group, which were managed by integrating the surgical anesthesia clinical information system with the traceability system of the disinfection supply center, and achieved operating room instruments whole process traceable information management through five key links: warehousing, receiving, preoperative inventorying, usage recording, and postoperative repositioning. Results The defect rate of surgical instrument handover in the experimental group was 0.90%, which was significantly lower than that of 2.10% in the control group (P<0.05). After the implementation of whole process traceable information management, the satisfaction of surgeons with surgical instrument preparation, instrument performance, instrument delivery, instrument inventory, and surgical cooperation were significantly higher than those before the implementation of information management (all P<0.05). Conclusion The whole process traceable information management of operating room instruments is conducive to reducing the defect rate of postoperative instrument handover and improving the satisfaction of surgeons with surgical instrument management.