Objective To investigate the current situation of social constraints in breast cancer patients on postoperative chemotherapy and analyze the influencing factors, and to provide a reference for targeted nursing intervention. Methods A total of 214 breast cancer patients on postoperative chemotherapy from 2 hospitals in Wuhan, Hubei province were selected by convenience sampling method,then they were surveyed by utilizing the general information questionnaire, the Social Constraints Scale （SCS）, the Social Impact Scale （SIS）, the Emotional Inhibition Scale （EIS）, and the Chinese-version Strategies Used by People to Promote Health （C-SUPPH）which measures self-management self-efficacy in patient populations. Results The patients scored （26.20±7.40） points in social constraints, which was positively correlated with social impact and emotional inhibition, while negatively correlated with self-management self-efficacy （all P＜0.05）.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that social impact, age, education background and family income were influencing factors of social constraints （all P＜0.05）,which could explain 48.80% of the total variation. Conclusion Social constraints in breast cancer patients on postoperative chemotherapy is slightly below medium level, and is affected by several factors.Special attention should be paid to the assessment of social constraints in patients who are young, have low income, or high level of education.Medical staff should take targeted intervention measures to reduce the level of social constraints in the patients and promote their physical and mental health.