Objective To develop a self-assessment instrument for detecting self-care ability in primary prevention of female pelvic floor dysfunction for women, and to test its reliability and validity. Methods Based on the Orem′s model of self-care, an initial scale was formed through semi-structured interview, literature review and 3 rounds of expert consultation. Then 438 women were surveyed to test the reliability and validity. Results Four factors were identified through exploratory factor analysis, accounting for 70.273% of the total variance. Confirmatory factor analysis showed excellent goodness of fit indices for the four-factor structure （χ2/df=2.299，RMSEA=0.075，CFI=0.905，IFI=0.916）. The final version of the scale included 4 dimensions and 29 items. The Cronbach′s alpha coefficient for the total scale was 0.919, split-half reliability was 0.802, test-retest reliability was 0.850, content validity index was 0.951, and the criterion related validity was 0.736. Conclusion The primary prevention of female pelvic floor dysfunction-self-care scale has good reliability and validity, which can be used as a self-assessment instrument for women.