Objective To explore the effect of dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) on resilience and cognitive emotion regulation of post-operative bladder cancer patients. Methods A total 72 post-operative bladder cancer patients were evenly randomized into 2 groups.The control group was given routine health education, while the intervention group was additionally subjected to DBT. The Conner-Davidson Resilience Scale and Cognitive Emotion Regulation Questionnaire were used to evaluate the results. Results After the intervention, the total score and dimension scores of psychological resilience in the intervention group were significantly higher than those in the control group (P＜0.05,P＜0.01); the scores of contemplation, self-blame, and catastrophizing of negative emotion regulation strategy in the former group were significantly lower than those in the control group (P＜0.01 for all); the scores of acceptance, active re-focus, and active re-evaluation of positive emotion regulation strategy were significantly higher than those of the control group (P＜0.01 for all). Conclusion DBT can improve psychological resilience and optimize cognitive emotion regulation of patients after bladder cancer, by reducing the level of negative emotion regulation and increasing the level of positive emotion regulation, which is beneficial to improve the mental state of patients.