Objective To explore the change trajectory and influencing factors of postoperative rehabilitation exercise compliance in patients with colon cancer. Methods A total of 138 patients with colon cancer were selected as the research participants.The patients were followed up 4 times at 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months and 6 months after surgery, respectively, by researchers′ using the Rehabilitation Exercise Compliance Scale.Latent growth curve modeling was used to identify the trajectory of postoperative rehabilitation exercise compliance in colon cancer patients.Multiple logistic regression model was used to explore the influencing factors of trajectory categories. Results The trajectory of rehabilitation exercise compliance of colon cancer patients from postoperative 2 weeks, 2 months, 4 months, through 6 months showed a first-upward-then-downward trend.Through model fitting, three trajectory categories of trajectory of rehabilitation exercise compliance were identified, namely category 1 （compliance ascending group）, category 2 （compliance stable group） and category 3 （compliance ascending-to-descending group）.Multiple logistic regression analysis showed that social support, psychological resilience, health beliefs, educational level, per capita monthly income, postoperative chemotherapy and complications were influencing factors of the trajectory categories of postoperative rehabilitation exercise compliance in colon cancer patients. Conclusion The trajectory of postoperative rehabilitation exercise compliance in patients with colon cancer showed heterogeneity.Medical personnel can identify high-risk groups with low compliance level of rehabilitation exercise through running through clinical data such as patients′ education levels, per capita monthly income, postoperative chemotherapy and complications, and predict the dynamic change of compliance.Postoperative rehabilitation exercise compliance of patients can be improved by formulating intervention measures aiming at such variables as utilization of social support, psychological resilience, and health belief.