Objective To explore the influence of role clarity of oncology nurses on their sense of decent work, and to provide reference for taking targeted measures to improve oncology nurses′ sense of decent work. Methods A total of 336 oncology nurses from five 3A hospitals in Hunan Province were investigated by the general information questionnaire, the Role Clarity Scale and the Decent Work Perception Scale. Results The nurses in oncology department scored (30.50±5.16) points in role clarity and (47.98±6.09) points in sense of decent work. There was a positive correlation between role clarity and sense of decent work (r=0.257, P<0.05). Hierarchical regression analysis showed that spiritual education and training, monthly income and role clarity were factors influencing sense of decent work of oncology nurses (all P<0.05), among which role clarity could independently explained 5.4% variation of sense of decent work. Conclusion The sense of decent work of nurses in oncology department is at the middle level. Managers should guide nurses in time to form a correct understanding of their roles and improve their sense of decent work.