Objective To construct a training system for HIV peer support volunteers,so as to provide a reference for expanding the reserve of HIV peer support volunteers in China. Methods Using the confirmed case sampling, we conducted a descriptive qualitative study by interviewing stakeholders in terms of medical staff, HIV peer support volunteer, and persons living with HIV to revise and improve the primary indicators developed from a realist synthesis, and secondary indicators and tertiary indicators discussed within the research team. Results The interviewees pointed out that informational support, instrumental support and emotional support should be regarded as important contents of the training system, and they highly recognized the comprehensiveness of the peer volunteer training system drafted by the research team. The final training system consisted of 5 primary indicators (informational support, instrumental support, emotional support, affiliational support, and appraisal support), 11 secondary indicators and 26 tertiary indicators. Conclusion The training system for HIV peer support volunteers is scientific and comprehensive, and it can provide a reference for HIV peer support practice.