Objective To explore the categories and influencing factors of self-compassion development in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and to provide a reference for targeted intervention. Methods A total of 179 colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy were selected, then they were longitudinally investigated by utilizing a general information questionnaire, The Self Compassion Scale and the hospital anxiety and depression scale before chemotherapy （T1）, after the first cycle of chemotherapy （T2）, after the third cycle of chemotherapy （T3） and after the sixth cycle of chemotherapy （T4）.The latent category growth mixed model was used to identify the potential categories of self-compassion development, and its influencing factors were analyzed by logistic regression. Results Patients′ self-compassion development could be divided into a low level of increasing group （45.8%）, a high level of stable group （23.5%）, and a medium level of decreasing group （30.7%）.Logistic regression analysis showed that, age, educational backgound, per capital monthly family income, tumor clinical stage, stoma or not influenced the category of self-compassion trajectory （all P＜0.05）. Conclusion There are three trajectories of self-compassion in colorectal cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy, and there is group heterogeneity in their self-compassion.Therefore, it is necessary to conduct targeted assessment and intervention based on the homogenous group of patients′ self-compassion trajectories.