Objective To develop the Analgesic Medication Literacy Assessment Questionnaire for Cancer Patients, and to provide a valid tool for assessment of analgesic medication literacy in cancer patients in China. Methods Based on the definition of medication literacy reached by International experts and its connotation, a draft questionnaire was formed through literature review, semi-structured in-depth interviews with patients, Delphi expert consultation and pilot-testing.Then convenience sampling was adopted to select 502 patients on analgesic therapy for cancer pain for questionnaire survey.Item analysis and reliability and validity testing of the questionnaire were performed. Results The questionnaire comprised 4 dimensions totaling 29 items.Four common factors were extracted by exploratory factor analysis, and the cumulative variance contribution of the factors was 71.978%.Confirmatory factor analysis showed that the model structure fitted well （χ2/df=1.613,RMSEA=0.050,IFI=0.961,CFI=0.961）.The Cronbach′s α coefficient of the whole questionnaire was 0.940,the split-half reliability coefficient was 0.831, and the test-retest reliability coefficient was 0.884.The scale-level content validity index of the questionnaire was 0.957. Conclusion The Analgesic Medication Literacy Assessment Questionnaire for Cancer Patients has good reliability and validity,and it can be used as an evaluation tool measuring cancer patients′ analgesic medication literacy.