This paper reviews the risk factors and preventive measures ofchemotherapy-induced oral mucositis in patients with hematological tumors. The proposed risk factors include individual factors, smoking, oral environment, oral cleanliness, blood routine index, liver and kidney function, tumor types, types of chemotherapy drugs and methods used.The measures to prevent oral mucositis include oral examination and oral cleaning before chemotherapy, effective brushing and gargling, right mouthwash, oral cryotherapy and low level intensity laser treatment, and health education.In the future, the risk prediction model of oral mucositis could be established to identify high-risk population. In order to reduce the incidence of oral mucositis, multidisciplinary cooperation and multiple preventive measures for comprehensive nursing intervention shuoud be adopted.