Objective To construct a model of ICU responsibility-bound group-based management in a primary hospital and to explore its effect. Methods In the prospective comparative study, ICU of the primary hospital used routine nursing management model during the period of July through December, 2020(also called pre-implement period), and then shifted to responsibility-bound group-based management model during the period of January through June, 2021(also called post-implement period). The contents of the latter model included selection of group leaders, stratification and allocation of nurses, implementation of nursing work, communication within the group, flexible and reasonable scheduling, etc. Results The scores of nurse satisfaction and teamworking in post-implement period were significantly higher than those in the pre-implement period (P<0.05 for both). Likewise for the nursing quality scores (P<0.05). Conclusion In line with actual situation of primary hospitals, the construction of ICU responsibility-bound group-based management model can effectively lift up nurses′ satisfaction, enhance their collaborative ability, improve quality of nursing service, enhance ICU operational efficiency, and maximize nursing benefit.