Objective To understand workplace adaptability of newly graduated nurses, to explore the relationships among transition shock, resilience, person-organization fit and workplace adaptability, and to provide reference for promoting workplace adaptability of newly graduated nurses and stabilizing nursing team. Methods A total of 368 newly graduated nurses from 5 class A tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province were selected by convenience sampling method.A self-designed sociodemographic questionnaire, the Medical Staff Resilience Scale, Person-Organization Fit Assessment Scale for Nurses, Transition Shock Scale of Newly Graduated Nurses, and Nurses′ Workplace Adaptability Scale were used for survey. Results The sample scored (65.90±10.71) on workplace adaptability, (80.34±22.87) on transition shock, (71.18±12.56) on resilience, and (159.64±28.82) on person-organization fit. The indirect effect of transition shock on workplace adaptability was identified, and the total indirect effect value was -0.161.Resilience accounted for 25.41% of the total effect.The chain-mediating effect of resilience and person-organization fit on the relationship between transition shock and workplace adaptability accounted for 12.12% of the total effect. Conclusion Newly graduated nurses report moderate to high level of workplace adaptability, resilience and person-organization fit play a chain-mediating effect on the relationship between transition shock and workplace adaptability. Nursing managers should take targeted measures to reduce transition shock of newly graduated nurses, enhance their resilience and person-organization fit level, thus to improve their workplace adaptability.