Objective To construct and test the reliability and validity of the Nutritional Literacy Evaluation Scale for Patients with End-stage Renal Disease on Dialysis in China, and to provide reference for nutritional literacy evaluation of such patients. Methods The Nutritional Literacy Evaluation Scale for Patients with End-stage Renal Disease on Dialysis was formed through literature analysis, panel discussion, and expert consultation. Totally, 208 patients with end-stage renal disease on maintenance hemodialysis or peritoneal dialysis therapy were selected, and surveyed with the scale. Results The scale-level content validity index (S-CVI) For the Nutritional Literacy Evaluation Scale for Patients with End-stage Renal Disease on Dialysis was 0.91, and the item-level content validity index (ICVI) ranges from 0.836-1.000. Exploratory factor analysis extracted 4 common factors, namely nutritional knowledge level, cognitive attitude, behavior and practice, and information acquisition ability, all together explaining 56.309% of the total variation. The overall Cronbach′s α coefficient of the scale was 0.827, that of each dimension ranged from 0.791 to 0.865, with the test-retest reliability coefficient being 0.725 (P<0.05). Conclusion The Nutritional Literacy Evaluation Scale for Patients with End-stage Renal Disease on Dialysis enjoys good reliability and validity, and can better evaluate the nutritional literacy of patients.