Objective To understand the level and influencing factors of role breadth self-efficacy in nurses, to provide basis for the implementation of targeted training program aiming at improving role breadth self-efficacy of nurses. Methods A total of 484 nurses from 8 hospitals in Shandong province were surveyed by using the demographic questionnaire, the Proactive Personality Scale, the Family APGAR Index, the Transformational Leadership Questionnaire, the Error Orientation Questionnaire and the Role Breadth Self-efficacy Scale. Results The nurses scored （19.42±5.62） points in role breadth self-efficacy. Such factors as nurses′ education levels, proactive personality, family function, transformational leadership and error orientation contributed to a variation level of 39.5% of role breadth self-efficacy （P＜0.05,P＜0.01）. Conclusion Role breadth self-efficacy in nurses was at medium level, and affected by various factors. Effective measures such as implementing transformational leadership and establishing a good error management climate can be taken to help nurses improve role breadth self-efficacy, and stabilize the nursing team.