Objective To understand the status of supportive care needs in patients with breast cancer at different stages after surgery, to explore the factors affecting the changes of their supportive care needs, and to provide basis for stage-specific supportive care intervention programs for patients with breast cancer. Methods A total of 126 patients with primary diagnosis of breast cancer was investigated by using the Supportive Care Needs Survey questionnaire for Cancer Patients at the time points of 3 days, 14 days, 1 month, 3 months and 6 months post-operation. Results The total score of supportive care needs in breast cancer patients peaked on 14 days post-operation, then flattened up, and gradually decreased since 1 month post-operation. At 6 months post-operation, total score of breast cancer patients′supportive care needs showed no significant differences by various factors（P>0.05 for all）. Multiple linear regression analysis revealed that breast cancer patients′ supportive care needs after surgery were mainly influenced by such factors as medical service satisfaction, the location of tumor mass, major caregivers, occupations, patient knowledge of diseases, disease-related knowledge acquisition, hobbies, and types of breast cancer(P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion Breast cancer patients′ supportive care needs after surgery changed dynamically over time. Medical staff were suggested to further strengthen health information and support care guidance for patients, develop with caregivers effective interventions which should be based on key influencing factors, so as to satisfy patients′ supportive needs at different stages.