Objective To assess the status of and factors associated with exercise self-efficacy in patients after kidney transplantation. Methods A total of 308 kidney transplant recipients were recruited and filled out the self-designed general information questionnaire, the Exercise Stage Scale, the Exercise Self-efficacy Scale and the Exercise Social Support Scale. Results The patients scored （13.47±4.31） , (35.41±11.70),and (9.91±3.49) points respectively in 3 subscales of pre-actional self-efficacy, maintenance self-efficacy and recovery self-efficacy. Multivariate regression analysis showed that, exercise social support, dialysis years, blood glucose levels, and renal function contributed to influence patients′ pre-actional self-efficacy;pre-actional self-efficacy and exercise social support contributed to influence maintenance self-efficacy; maintenance self-efficacy contributed to influencing recovery self-efficacy （P<0.05，P<0.01）. Conclusion Kidney transplant recipients had a medium level of exercise self-efficacy, which was affected by multiple factors. It is suggested that medical staff beef up exercise guidance to the patients, in an endeavor to improve their exercise self-efficacy and promote healthy exercise behaviors.