Objective To investigate the levels of dietary compliance and fear of hypoglycemia and to analyze the relationship between them among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Methods A total of 240 patients with T2DM were surveyed using the Chinese version Hypoglycemia Fear Survey-Worry Scale (CHFSⅡ-WS), Social Support Rating Scale (SSRS), and the Dietary Behavior Compliance Assessment Scale for Type 2 Diabetes. Results The participants scored 58.95±13.32 on dietary compliance and 37.16±9.01 on social support. The median score of fear of hypoglycemia was 9. Dietary compliance was negatively correlated with fear of hypoglycemia (P<0.01). Multiple linear regression showed gender, family history, participation in diabetes education, number of complications, social support and fear of hypoglycemia were predictors of dietary compliance, which could explain 27.0% of the total variance. Conclusion The more severe fear of hypoglycemia in patients with T2DM, the worse dietary compliance. Medical staff should pay attention to patient′s mental state and provide psychological care, thus to alleviate their fear of hypoglycemia and enhance dietary compliance.