Objective To investigate the level and factors associated with fear of progression in patients receiving intravesical instillation therapy after bladder cancer surgery, and to provide reference for psychological care. Methods A total of 110 patients with nonmuscle invasive bladder cancer were surveyed by using a selfdesigned demographic data questionnaire, the Fear of Progression QuestionnaireShort Form （FoPQSF） and Brief Illness Perception Questionnaire （BIPQ） at the first intravesical instillation therapy after surgery. Results The score of fear of progression was 25.31±5.35 and 7.27% of patients scored greater than 34 points indicating psychological dysfunction. Multiple linear regression analysis showed that illness perception, neoplasm recurrence, tumor grading，gender and age were influencing factors of patients′ fear of progression (P<0.05, P<0.01). Conclusion Patients receiving intravesical instillation therapy after bladder cancer surgery do have fear of progression. More attention should be paid to those who are female and have cancer relapse and those who have high histological grading. Improvement of illness perception can alleviate fear of progression.