Objective To describe the current status of self-compassion among young and middle-aged stroke patients, to analyze the path of factors influencing self-compassion, and to provide references for designing intervention program to enhance self-compassion in this population. Methods A total of 290 young and middle-aged stroke patients were selected from two tertiary hospitals in Shandong Province using a convenience sampling method, then they were asked to complete a general information questionnaire, the Self-Compassion Scale, the Social Support Rating Scale, the Exercise of Self-care Agency and the Acceptance of Illness Scale. The effects of self-care ability, social support and acceptance of illness on self-compassion were analyzed by hierarchical regression analysis. Structural equation modeling was conducted using AMOS 24.0. Results The participants scored (82.60±20.88) points for self-compassion. After controlling for demographic variables, social support, self-care ability, and acceptance of illness explained 45.1% of the total variance in self-compassion. Social support could directly affect self-compassion(β=0.173), or indirectly affect self-compassion through self-care ability and acceptance of illness (indirect effects accounting for 72.97% of the total effect). Conclusion Self-compassion of young and middle-aged stroke patients is at a moderate level. Adequate social support should be given to patients, and self-care ability and acceptance of illness should be enhanced, thus to improve their self-compassion.