Objective To evaluate the effects of medication self-management intervention program for home-residing elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions. Methods Based on the self-determination theory and information-motivation-behavior theory model, the medication self-management intervention program was constructed for elderly home-residing patients with multiple chronic conditions. A total of 80 home-residing elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions were randomly selected from 2 community health service centers in Zhengzhou City. Community A was assigned into the control group and community B was assigned into the intervention group, with 40 cases in each group. The control group received health education about drug knowledge once a week for 8 weeks, and the intervention group received medication self-management intervention once a week for 8 weeks based on the control group. After the intervention, data were collected by using the Self-Administration of Medication (SAM) instrument, the Basic Psychological Needs Satisfaction Scale, the Rational Medication Self-efficacy Scale and the Medication Compliance Scale. Results The scores of drug self-management, basic psychological needs, rational medication self-efficacy and medication compliance in the intervention group were higher than those in the control group, with statistical differences (all P<0.05). Conclusion The medication self-management intervention program can improve the level of medication self-management, stimulate the level of rational medication self-efficacy and improve the medication compliance of home-residing elderly patients with multiple chronic conditions.