Objective To explore the current situation of innovation behavior among oncology nurses and analyze their potential profile and population characteristics. Methods Convenience sampling was used to survey 495 oncology nurses using the general information questionnaire, Innovation Behavior Scale and Nursing Work Environment Scale. The latent profiles of nurses′ innovation behavior were analyzed, and influencing factors of these profiles were identified through univariate analysis and logistic regression analysis. Results Innovation behavior of oncology nurses can be divided into negative innovation behavior (45.1%), medium innovation behavior level (38.2%) and innovation behavior positive (16.7%), logistic regression analysis results show that education and position were significant influencing factors of innovation behavior of oncology nurses (P<0.05 for both). Dimensions of nurses′ involvement in hospital affairs and sufficient staffing and resources within Nursing Work Environment Scale had a statistically significant impact on nurse innovation behavior (P<0.05). Conclusion Oncology nurse innovation behavior exhibits heterogeneity, classified into three potential profiles. Nursing managers can implement targeted management strategies based on the influencing factors of different profiles to enhance nurses′ innovation behavior level.