Objective To investigate self-management status and its influencing factors among patients receiving preventive enterostomy in early discharge, so as to provide evidence for developing targeted intervention. Methods A total of 266 patients receiving preventive enterostomy were investigated utilizing a general data questionnaire, and the Readiness for Hospital Discharge Scale, at 1 day before discharge; 60 days after discharge, they were surveyed with the Enterostomy Patients Self-management Questionnaire. Results The score of self-management ability among patients receiving preventive enterostomy was （102.22±17.56）.Multiple linear regression analysis showed that, whether having received radiotherapy and chemotherapy, whether having experienced ostomy-related complications and discharge readiness level were the major factors influencing the patients′ self-management ability （P＜0.01 for all）. Conclusion The self-management ability among patients receiving preventive enterostomy in early discharge is at a moderate level. Medical staff should pay attention to the influencing factors of patients′ self-management ability, then develop targeted interventions, so as to improve patients′ health outcomes.